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The United States of America has, for the last ~80 years or so, led the self-called Free World. This era has been referred to as the Pax Americana, though America's dominance over global politics has gradually been slipping over the course of a few decades. Not to say the U.S. isn't a powerful country anymore, political authority is now just more divided than it was in the 90s, when it had almost complete undisputed authority.The American Experiment
A republic, if you can keep it
— Benjamin Franklin
* Social equality in an Enlightend sense, obviously excluding women and people of color
Timeline
Declaration of Independence: 1776
The Thirteen Colonies were a patchwork of British colonies along the Atlantic seaboard. Even though they were primarily populated by descendants of British settlers, as they were hit with 'unfair' British taxation and a pullback of semi-autonomous governance, they pushed back and eventually sought complete independence from Britain.
Civil War: 1861–65
The economic bases of the geographic North and South were very different. While the North had a very diverse economy, the South primarily depended on cotton plantations run by slaves. When the Republican Abraham Lincoln became president, the South feared that he would take away their slaves. Thus, they seceded from the Union.
Cold War: 1947–91
The capitalist U.S. and communist USSR were two major superpowers of the world and saw each other as direct ideological enemies. Due to building suspicion and fear of being outpaced, both sides started to produce nuclear weaponry en masse as well as rallying various parts of the world to fight on their behalf as proxies to protect their ideology.